12. Capital Stock

Registered Direct Offerings

On December 8, 2014, the Company completed a registered direct offering of 404,858 shares of its common stock, and accompanying warrants to purchase one share of common stock for each share purchased at an offering price of $98.80 per share to certain institutional investors. Total gross proceeds from the offering were approximately $40.0 million before deducting underwriting discounts, commissions and estimated offering expenses totaling approximately $2.3 million. The warrants, which represent the right to acquire up to an aggregate of 404,833 shares of common stock, were exercisable immediately, had a two-year term and an exercise price of $158.01 per share. As of December 31, 2016, all of these warrants expired unexercised.

ATM Agreements

 On November 12, 2015, the Company entered into an At Market Issuance Sales Agreement (the “2015 ATM Agreement”) with Cowen and Company, LLC (“Cowen”), under which the Company may offer and sell from time to time at its sole discretion shares of its common stock through Cowen as its sales agent, in an aggregate amount not to exceed the amount that can be sold under the Company’s registration statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-201882) filed with the SEC on the same date. Cowen may sell the shares by any method permitted by law deemed to be an “at the market” offering as defined in Rule 415 of the Securities Act, including without limitation sales made directly on The NASDAQ Global Market, on any other existing trading market for the Company’s common stock or to or through a market maker. Cowen also may sell the shares in privately negotiated transactions, subject to the Company’s prior approval. The Company will pay Cowen a commission equal to 3% of the gross proceeds of the sales price of all shares sold through it as sales agent under the 2015 ATM Agreement. Offering costs, consisting of legal, accounting, and filing fees, incurred in connection with the 2015 ATM Agreement are capitalized. The capitalized offering costs will be offset against proceeds from the sale of common stock under this agreement. In the event the offering is terminated, all capitalized offering costs will be expensed. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, $0.2 million and $0.1 million, respectively, of offering costs were capitalized, which are included in prepaid expenses and other current assets in the consolidated balance sheets. For the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company sold a total of 10,365 shares of common stock under this agreement for aggregate gross proceeds of $56,000. Total offering costs of $56,000 were offset against the proceeds upon sale of common stock. There were no shares of common stock sold under the 2015 ATM Agreement during the year ended December 31, 2015.

Common Stock Warrants

As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, the following common stock warrants were outstanding:

In February 2016, in conjunction with services provided by a third-party consultant, the Company issued a warrant to purchase up to an aggregate of 8,249 unregistered shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price equal to $15.40 per share. These warrants were exercisable immediately and have a five-year term expiring in February 2021. The estimated fair value of the warrants of $0.1 million was calculated using the Black-Scholes Model and was classified in stockholders’ (deficit) on the consolidated balance sheet. As of December 31, 2016, all of these warrants were outstanding.

In February 2015, the Company issued Hercules five-year warrants in connection with the Hercules Term Loan (see Note 8) that entitle Hercules to purchase up to an aggregate of 9,063 unregistered shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price equal to $66.20 per share. The warrants are classified in stockholders’ (deficit) on the consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2016, all of these warrants were outstanding.

In December 2014, in connection with a registered direct offering to select institutional investors, the Company issued two-year warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 404,833 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $158.01 per share. These warrants contained provisions that were contingent on the occurrence of a change in control, which could conditionally obligate the Company to repurchase the warrants for cash in an amount equal to their estimated fair value using the Black-Scholes Model on the date of such change in control. Due to these provisions, the Company accounted for the warrants issued in December 2014 as a liability at estimated fair value. In addition, the estimated fair value of the liability related to the warrants was revalued at each reporting period until the earlier of the exercise of the warrants, at which time the liability will be reclassified to stockholders’ equity at its then estimated fair value, or expiration of the warrants. On December 8, 2014, the date of issuance, the fair value of the warrants was estimated to be $10.3 million using the Black-Scholes Model. As of December 31, 2015, all of these warrants were outstanding and had an estimated fair value of $3.0 million. During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company revalued the warrants using the Black-Scholes Model, and recorded a $3.0 million reduction in the estimated fair value as a gain on the revaluation of contingent warrant liabilities line of the Company’s consolidated statement of comprehensive loss. The decrease in the estimated fair value of the warrants is primarily due to the decrease in the market price of the Company’s common stock at December 31, 2016 compared to December 31, 2015. In December 2016, all of these warrants expired unexercised. 

In September 2012, the Company issued to GECC five-year warrants in connection with the amendment to the GECC Loan Agreement (see Note 8) that entitle GECC to purchase up to an aggregate of 1,967 unregistered shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price equal to $70.80 per share. The warrants are classified in stockholders’ (deficit) on the consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, all of these warrants were outstanding.

In March 2012, in connection with an underwritten offering, the Company issued five-year warrants to purchase 741,729 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $35.20 per share. These warrants contain provisions that are contingent on the occurrence of a change in control, which could conditionally obligate the Company to repurchase the warrants for cash in an amount equal to their estimated fair value using the Black-Scholes Model on the date of such change in control. Due to these provisions, the Company accounts for the warrants issued in March 2012 as a liability at estimated fair value. In addition, the estimated fair value of the liability related to the warrants is revalued at each reporting period until the earlier of the exercise of the warrants, at which time the liability will be reclassified to stockholders' equity at its then estimated fair value, or expiration of the warrants. The Company revalued the warrants at December 31, 2016 using the Black-Scholes Model and recorded a $7.5 million reduction in the estimated fair value as a gain on the revaluation of contingent warrant liabilities line of the Company’s consolidated statement of comprehensive loss. The decrease in the estimated fair value of the warrants is primarily due to the decrease in the market price of the Company’s common stock at December 31, 2016 compared to December 31, 2015. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, 479,277 and 479,277, respectively, of these warrants were outstanding and had an estimated fair value of zero and $7.5 million, respectively.